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Models of Transcultural Care - Introduction

There are many theories and models of nursing (Aggleton & Chalmers, 2000). Some of these you will be familiar with, for example, Roper, Tierney and Logan's Activities of Living (Roper et al., 1996) and Orem's Self-Care (Orem, 1995). Most of these theories consider the four main elements - that is, Health, Environment, Person and Nursing care. Some of the sources  have considered nursing models from a transcultural perspective include. However, none of them go into sufficient detail about the cultural aspects of care that is required to address culturally competent care.

Eddins & Riley-Eddins (1997) - Watson's Theory of Human caring;

Hardin (1997) - Roger's Science of Unitary Human Beings;

Morgan (1997) - Roy's Adaptation Model;

Villarruel & Denyes (1997) - Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing.

Models of transcultural care have emerged over the last three decades. As with other models of nursing, they have been constructed with concepts that are already found in the biological, behavioural and human sciences. Dobson (1991) provides outlines of the main concepts that have been used to construct frameworks or models by different theorists, and contrasts these in view of developments in transcultural nursing.

In this resource, Campinha-Bacote’s Model of Cultural Competence, Madeleine Leininger's Cultural Care Diversity and Universality Theory, Giger and Davidhizar's Model of Transcultural Nursing, Purnell's Model of Transcultural Health Care and Ramsden’s Cultural Safety model are briefly introduced. The model of cultural competence by Papadopoulos, Tilki and Taylor (1998) is briefly described.

The key elements of each are described, and the applications and limitations of each are outlined.

However, before we examine the models of transcultural care, you will note that for the purpose of framing nursing care, the four stages of the nursing process - assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation, remain the foundation on which transcultural care is formulated.

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